In celebration of the International Day for Universal Access to Information – IDUAI 2022 under the theme Artificial Intelligence, e-Governance and Access to Information, fesmedia Africa presents this exciting blog article about Artificial Intelligence (AI), e-Governance and Access to Information in Africa by Reyhana Masters. The article gives some concrete examples of how AI and e-Governance have been adopted in Africa to improve access to information and promote inclusive participation by citizens.
Celebrating September 28 is a time of pride and humility.
I am proud of Africa and our contribution as a continent in having September 28 globally recognised as the International Day for Universal Access to Information – IDUAI. It is an achievement that we should all be excited about.
Undoubtedly we could not have done it without support but it is the efforts of civil society organisations on the continent that thought about the global impact of access to information and drove the process of having it accepted – first by UNESCO and then of course the United Nations General Assembly. That’s a feat!
On a personal level, I am humbled by the effort of the people and organisations that stayed committed to the process. How many of us can claim to say “we” stay dedicated to a plan without knowing when it will be realized? I feel that arduous journey in the depths of my being, which means I can go on and on about the people and their organisations from this amazing continent of ours that were involved in lobbying for IDUAI with noteworthy support, limited resources, and minimal recognition.
But if I focus on that captivating story here, it will leave very little room to delve into this year’s theme for IDUAI - “Artificial Intelligence, e-Governance and Access to Information".
To get a grip on the topic, I started off with UNESCO’s description: a good starting point for my journey into focusing on the interconnectivity between the 3 critical issues. “In our ever-increasing digital world, artificial intelligence and e-governance will play an important part in improving access to information. The nexus between the three can help in bridging the digital divide, delivering more efficient and effective services and providing citizens access to tailor-made and accessible information.”
Being one of those people who love to do research – I dived right in and came across the Africa Policy Research Institute insight on the 2017 Price Waterhouse Coopers report - Sizing the Prize. An infographic that visually contextualised which regions will gain the most from AI on their GDP – the image revealed Africa’s presence in this arena was minimal, in fact almost insignificant. The impact on North America’s GDP is predicted at 14.5%, Latin America 5.4%, Northern Europe 9.9 % ,Southern Europe 11.5%, China – a huge 26.1% and developed Asia 10.4%. While, Africa falls into the category of the rest of the World – which includes Oceania and other Asian markets and all together we will benefit 5.6% which is approximately $1.2 trillion.
As always, these rather pessimistic predictions for our continent interestingly have the polar effect on me that they are meant to have. So, every time I hear of how we will underperform or not live up to certain aspirations, I remind myself of our many achievements. This gloomy outlook made me go straight back to ATI - we [Africa] are leading the implementation of access to information and promoting transparency and accountability in the most innovative ways possible, so I zoned in on that.
Fortunately, I came across South African-based ALT Advisory‘s research which focused on safeguarding fundamental rights in an AI-driven future in their AI Governance in Africa which reminded me that while “the discourse is littered with articles that proclaim an optimistic vision for AI-driven social change, with titles that suggest ‘the future is intelligent’, and that we must ‘harness AI in Africa’” – actually we “we have harnessed it".
AI technology offers us incredible possibilities and we are seeing that all the time – the marriage to e-governance and ATI makes it an interesting mènage à trois, but let me preface that with a proviso.
Any conversation around digital technology, AI and access to information must centre around transparency and the protection of citizens from the abuse of power. The keywords and phrases that kept popping up during my deep dive were trust, protection of personal information, AI regulation and protection of human rights.
To understand why – let’s just talk about two exciting AI and e-governance initiatives on the continent – namely the introduction of e-courts in Zimbabwe and Rwanda’s e-government platforms which enables access to and provision of government services in the country. They highlight the possibilities of easing the lives of people, but in preserving the rights they will afford, we have to ask the right questions.
Zimbabwe’s judicial system is poised to go online and the excitement is palpable. There is much celebration about what is being envisaged. The key advantages being touted “include bringing in a justice serving mechanism that is transparent, efficient, affordable, time-saving, protects the interests of witnesses, reduces the backlog of pending cases, and most importantly reduces unscrupulous activities.”
In close proximity the Rwandan government’s platform - Irembo - is hailed as a continental success, because this is where citizens can access government services – such as submitting applications and making payments for various services. It eases the multiple challenges that people may have in getting birth certificates or marriage certificates; national IDs or even applying for a driver’s licence. It also decentralises arduous processes. It has contributed to significant changes as financial losses have declined as it reduces loopholes for corrupt practices and increases revenue for the government.
Aside from people not being able to easily access the platform and the fact that the Rwandan government refuses to reveal how much it has collected through Irembo-offered services, there is something bigger that informs our conversation and thinking in this context.
It was sparked by conversations with friends and colleagues.
They all agreed wholeheartedly that the possibilities that e-governance, access to information and artificial intelligence provide are visionary, exciting, and have the potential of easing the lives of citizens in the different countries. It is indeed a path we should continue travelling. At the same time, they also made me think about the questions we should pose whenever we hear about the marriage between the 3 critical areas.
As members of the sector who have adopted these new technologies or as a member of the public who in one way or the other interface with the types of platforms I just described, there are critical questions we need to ask around data protection rights.
Transparency and access to information start at the moment the idea is being considered. Hence e-courts system – judges, lawyers, clients should be asking:
The conversation is around data – the data collection, data storage, data transmission, and data usage and if they are compliant with data protection standards.
In this instance, you have to turn to the CIA Triad – Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability.
Confidentiality of the information is a component that is always mentioned but the questions posed and the CIA triad provides concrete demands that we should be asking:
Is it secure wherever it is being stored?
Who can access it?
Is the access a secure process?
In terms of Integrity, we need to focus on raw data – Can it be changed by whoever has possession of it?
Does the data remain the same when it is received and stored or accessed?
In the e-justice system – during data capture, information can be changed – for example, a guilty person can be found guilty but entered as non -guilty or vice-versa
Accessibility is critical but;
Is the information accessible at all times – during power outages for example?
Is the information accessible – equitably and equally?
Is access to justice – in the case of e-courts - always equitable?
Does access and justice come at a different cost structure for different communities – in other words, is there a divide between those who can afford data and those who live on $2 a day? It takes me to one place and this is where I leave you with these thoughts – we, the public have to push for these rights by always being aware of the questions we need to reflect on. Most importantly – make it a point to read and understand the Malabo Convention and find if your government has signed and ratified it.
Reyhana Masters is a passionate advocate for media freedom and freedom of expression. She uses her grounding in journalism to weave compelling stories to sketch the African context and challenge regressive narratives on freedom of expression and policy issues on the continent.
#accesstoinfo #AccessToInfoDay #IDUAI2022
Reyhana Masters
Célébrer le 28 septembre est un moment de fierté et d’humilité.
Je suis fière de l’Afrique et de notre contribution en tant que continent en faisant du 28 septembre la Journée Internationale de l’Accès Universel à l’Information – IDUAI. C’est une réalisation dont nous devrions tous nous enthousiasmer.
Sans aucun doute, nous n’aurions pas pu le faire sans soutien, mais ce sont les efforts des organisations de la société civile sur le continent qui ont réfléchi à l’impact mondial de l’accès à l’information et ont conduit le processus de sa réception – d’abord par l’UNESCO, puis, bien sûr, par l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies. C’est un exploit !
Sur le plan personnel, je suis touchée par les efforts des personnes et des organisations qui sont restées engagées dans le processus. Combien d’entre nous peuvent prétendre dire «nous » restons dévoués à un plan sans savoir quand il sera réalisé ? Je ressens ce voyage ardu dans les profondeurs de mon être, ce qui signifie que je pourrais continuer encore et encore à parler des personnes et des organisations de ce continent étonnant qui ont été impliquées dans le lobbying pour l’IDUAI avec un soutien remarquable, des ressources limitées et une reconnaissance minimale.
Mais si je me concentre ici sur cette histoire captivante, cela laissera très peu de place pour approfondir le thème de cette année pour l’IDUAI - « Intelligence artificielle, gouvernance électronique et accès à l’information ».
Pour comprendre le sujet, j’ai commencé par la description de l’UNESCO : un bon point de départ pour mon voyage en me concentrant sur l’interconnectivité entre les 3 problèmes critiques. « Dans notre monde digital en constante augmentation, l’intelligence artificielle et la gouvernance électronique joueront un rôle important dans l’amélioration de l’accès à l’information. Le lien entre les trois peut aider à combler le fossé digital, à fournir des services plus efficients et plus efficaces et à offrir aux citoyens un accès à des informations sur mesure et accessibles.
Étant l’une de ces personnes qui aiment faire de la recherche – j’ai plongé et je suis tombée sur l´Aperçu de l’Institut de recherche sur les politiques africaines ( Africa Policy Research Institute insight ) dans le rapport du Prix Waterhouse Coopers - Sizing the Prize de 2017. Une infographie qui contextualisait visuellement quelles régions bénéficieront le plus de l’IA sur leur PIB – l’image a révélé que la présence de l’Afrique dans ce domaine était minime, en fait presque insignifiante. L’impact sur le PIB de l’Amérique du Nord est prévu à 14,5%, l’Amérique latine à 5,4%, l’Europe du Nord à 9,9%, l’Europe du Sud à 11,5%, la Chine à un – énorme - 26,1% et l’Asie développée à 10,4%. Alors que l’Afrique entre dans la catégorie du reste du monde – qui comprend l’Océanie et d’autres marchés asiatiques et tous ensemble, nous bénéficierons de 5,6%, soit environ 1,2 billion de dollars.
Comme toujours, ces prédictions plutôt pessimistes pour notre continent – ont sur moi l’effet polaire qu’elles sont censées avoir. Ainsi, chaque fois que j’entends parler de la façon dont nous allons sous-performer ou ne pas être à la hauteur de certaines aspirations, je me rappelle nos nombreuses réalisations. Ces perspectives sombres m’ont fait revenir directement à l’AI - nous [l’Afrique] dirigeons la mise en œuvre de l’accès à l’information et promouvons la transparence et la responsabilité de la manière la plus innovante possible, alors je me suis concentrée là-dessus.
Heureusement, je suis tombée sur la Recherche Consultative de l’ALT ( ALT Advisory ‘s research ), basé en Afrique du Sud, qui se concentre sur la sauvegarde des droits fondamentaux dans un avenir axé sur l’IA dans leur gouvernance de l’IA en Afrique et qui m’a rappelé que si « le discours est jonché d’articles qui proclament une vision optimiste du changement social piloté par l’IA, avec des titres qui suggèrent que « l’avenir est intelligent» et que nous devons « exploiter l’IA en Afrique » – en fait, nous « l’avons maîtrisé ».
La technologie de l’IA nous offre des possibilités incroyables et nous le voyons tout le temps – le mariage avec la gouvernance électronique et l’IA en fait un ménage à trois intéressant, mais permettez-moi de le préfacer avec une réserve.
Toute conversation autour de la technologie digitale, de l’IA et de l’accès à l’information doit être centrée sur la transparence et la protection des citoyens contre les abus de pouvoir. Les mots-clés et les expressions qui n’arrêtaient pas d’apparaître au cours de ma plongée profonde étaient la confiance, la protection des informations personnelles, la réglementation de l’IA et la protection des droits de l’homme.
Pour comprendre pourquoi – parlons simplement de deux initiatives passionnantes en matière d’IA et de gouvernance électronique sur le continent – à savoir l’introduction de tribunaux électroniques au Zimbabwe et les plateformes d’administration en ligne du Rwanda qui permettent l’accès et la prestation de services gouvernementaux dans le pays. Elles soulignent les possibilités de faciliter la vie des gens mais, en préservant les droits qu’elles offrent, nous devons poser les bonnes questions.
Le système judiciaire zimbabwéen est sur le point d’être mis en ligne et l’excitation est palpable. Il y a beaucoup de célébrations sur ce qui est envisagé. Les principaux avantages vantés inclus « la mise en place d’un mécanisme de service à la justice qui est transparent, efficace, abordable et qui permet de gagner du temps, qui protège les intérêts des témoins, qui réduit l’arriéré des affaires pendantes et, surtout, qui réduit les activités sans scrupules».
À proximité, la plate-forme du gouvernement rwandais - Irembo - est saluée comme un succès continental, car c’est là que les citoyens peuvent accéder aux services gouvernementaux – tels que la soumission de demandes et le paiement de divers services. Cela allège les multiples défis que les gens peuvent avoir à obtenir des certificats de naissance ou des certificats de mariage ; les pièces d’identité nationales ou même la demande de permis de conduire. Il décentralise également les processus difficiles. Elle a contribué à des changements importants puisque les pertes financières ont diminué car elle a réduit les échappatoires pour les pratiques de corruption et a augmenté les revenus du gouvernement.
Outre le fait que les gens ne peuvent pas accéder facilement à la plate-forme et le fait que le gouvernement rwandais refuse de révéler combien il a collecté grâce aux services offerts par Irembo, il y a quelque chose de plus grand qui éclaire notre conversation et notre réflexion dans ce contexte.
Ça a été déclenché par des conversations avec des amis et des collègues.
Tous ont convenu de tout cœur que les possibilités offertes par la gouvernance électronique, l’accès à l’information et l’intelligence artificielle sont visionnaires, passionnantes et ont le potentiel de faciliter la vie des citoyens dans les différents pays. C’est en effet une voie que nous devrions continuer à parcourir. En même temps, ils m’ont aussi fait réfléchir aux questions que nous devrions poser chaque fois que nous entendons parler du mariage entre les 3 domaines critiques.
En tant que membres du secteur qui ont adopté ces nouvelles technologies ou en tant que membre du public qui, d’une manière ou d’une autre, interagissent avec les types de plateformes que je viens de décrire, nous devons nous poser des questions cruciales concernant les droits en matière de protection des données.
La transparence et l’accès à l’information commencent au moment où l’idée est envisagée. Par conséquent, le système de tribunaux électroniques – juges, avocats, clients devraient demander :
La conversation porte sur les données – la collecte de données, le stockage de données, la transmission de données et l’utilisation de données et si elles sont conformes aux normes de protection des données.
Dans ce cas, vous devez vous tourner vers la triade CIA – Confidentialité, Intégrité et Disponibilité.
La confidentialité de l’information est une composante qui est toujours mentionnée, mais les questions posées et la triade CIA fournissent des exigences concrètes que nous devrions poser:
Est-elle sécurisée partout où elle est stockée? Qui peut y accéder ? L’accès est-il un processus sécurisé ?
En termes d’intégrité, nous devons nous concentrer sur les données brutes– Peuvent-elles être modifiées par celui qui en a la possession? Les données restent-elles les mêmes lorsqu’elles sont reçues, stockées ou consultées ? Dans le système de justice électronique – lors de la saisie des données, les informations peuvent être modifiées – par exemple, une personne coupable peut être reconnue coupable mais enregistrée comme non coupable ou vice versa
L’accessibilité est essentielle, mais; L’information est-elle accessible à tout moment, par exemple en cas de panne de courant? L’information est-elle accessible – justement et équitablement? L’accès à la justice – dans le cas des tribunaux électroniques – est-il toujours équitable ? L’accès et la justice ont-ils une structure de coûts différente pour différentes communautés – en d’autres termes, y a-t-il un fossé entre ceux qui peuvent se permettre des données et ceux qui vivent avec 2 $ par jour? Cela m’emmène dans une certaine direction et c’est là que je vous laisse avec ces pensées – nous, le public, devons faire pression pour ces droits en étant toujours conscients des questions sur lesquelles nous devons réfléchir. Plus important encore, faites en sorte de lire et de comprendre la Convention de Malabo et de savoir si votre gouvernement l’a signée et ratifiée.
Reyhana Masters est une ardente défenseuse de la liberté des médias et de la liberté d’expression. Elle utilise ses bases en journalisme pour tisser des histoires captivantes afin d’esquisser le contexte africain et de remettre en question les récits régressifs sur la liberté d’expression et les questions politiques sur le continent.
Celebrar o dia 28 de setembro é um momento de orgulho e humildade.
Orgulho-me de África e da nossa contribuição enquanto continente para o dia 28 de setembro ser mundialmente reconhecido como o Dia Internacional do Acesso Universal à Informação – IDUAI. É um feito com o qual todos devemos estar entusiasmados.
Sem dúvida que não o teríamos conseguido sem apoio, mas foram os esforços das organizações da sociedade civil no continente que pensaram no impacto global do acesso à informação e que impulsionaram o processo de aceitação – primeiro pela UNESCO e depois, claro, pela Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas. É um feito!
A nível pessoal, sinto-me honrada pelo esforço das pessoas e das organizações que se mantiveram empenhadas no processo. Quantos de nós podem dizer que "continuámos" dedicados a um plano sem saber quando será realizado? Sinto essa árdua viagem nas profundezas do meu ser, o que significa que poderia continuar aqui a falar das pessoas e das organizações deste nosso continente fantástico que estiveram envolvidas no lobbying do IDUAI com um apoio notável, recursos limitados e um reconhecimento mínimo.
Mas se eu aqui me concentrar nessa história cativante, tal deixará muito pouco espaço para aprofundar o tema deste ano do IDUAI - "Inteligência Artificial, e-Governação e Acesso à Informação".
Como pé de entrada no tema, comecei com a descrição da UNESCO: um bom ponto de partida para a minha jornada de foco na interconectividade entre as 3 questões críticas. "No nosso mundo digital cada vez maior, a inteligência artificial e a e-governação desempenharão um papel importante na melhoria do acesso à informação. O nexo entre os três pode ajudar a colmatar a clivagem digital, oferecendo serviços mais eficientes e eficazes e proporcionando aos cidadãos um acesso a informação personalizada e acessível."
Sendo uma daquelas pessoas que gosta de pesquisar – mergulhei e deparei-me com o Africa Policy Research Institute insight (Visão do Instituto de Investigação política de África) no relatório do Prémio Waterhouse Coopers - Sizing the Prize de 2017. Numa infografia que contextualizava visualmente quais as regiões que mais ganharão com a IA no seu PIB – a imagem revelou que a presença de África nesta arena era mínima, de facto quase insignificante. O impacto no PIB da América do Norte está previsto em 14,5%, na América Latina 5,4%, no Norte da Europa 9,9 % , no Sul da Europa 11,5%, na China – um enorme 26,1% e na Ásia desenvolvida 10,4%. Enquanto África se enquadra na categoria do resto do Mundo – o que inclui a Oceânia e outros mercados asiáticos, e todos juntos beneficiaremos 5,6%, o que corresponde aproximadamente a 1,2 biliões de dólares.
Como sempre, estas previsões bastante pessimistas para o nosso continente têm, curiosamente, sobre mim o efeito polar que estão destinadas a ter. Por isso, sempre que ouço falar de como vamos ter um desempenho inferior ou não a certas aspirações, recordo-me das nossas muitas conquistas. Esta perspetiva sombria fez-me voltar diretamente para a IA - nós [África] estamos a liderar na implementação do acesso à informação e na promoção da transparência e da responsabilidade da forma mais inovadora possível e, por isso, despreocupei-me.
Felizmente, deparei-me com a ALT Advisory‘s research (Pesquisa de Investigação da ALT), com base na África do Sul, que se focou na salvaguarda dos direitos fundamentais num futuro orientado pela IA na sua Governação da IA em África, o que me lembrou que enquanto "o discurso está repleto de artigos que proclamam uma visão otimista para a mudança social impulsionada pela IA, com títulos que sugerem que "o futuro é inteligente" e que devemos "aproveitar a IA em África" – na verdade, "aproveitámo-la".
A tecnologia de IA oferece-nos possibilidades incríveis e observamos isso frequentemente – o casamento com a e-governação e a IA faz com que seja um ménage à trois interessante, mas deixem-me prefaciar isso com uma condição.
Qualquer conversa em torno da tecnologia digital, da IA e do acesso à informação deve centrar-se na transparência e na proteção dos cidadãos contra o abuso de poder. As palavras-chave e frases que estavam sempre a aparecer durante o meu mergulho profundo foram a confiança, a proteção das informações pessoais, a regulamentação da IA e a proteção dos direitos humanos.
Para entender porquê – vamos apenas falar de duas excitantes iniciativas de IA e de e-governação no continente – nomeadamente a introdução de e-tribunais no Zimbabué e da plataforma governamental e-governo do Ruanda que permite o acesso e a prestação de serviços governamentais no país. Salientam as possibilidades de aliviar a vida das pessoas, mas ao preservar os direitos que estas nos concedem, temos de fazer as perguntas certas.
O sistema judicial do Zimbabué está pronto para estar online e a excitação é palpável. Há muita celebração sobre o que se antevê. As principais vantagens apregoadas "incluem a integração de um mecanismo de serviço de justiça que seja transparente, eficiente, acessível, economizador de tempo, que proteja os interesses das testemunhas, reduza o atraso dos processos pendentes e, acima de tudo, reduza as atividades sem escrúpulos".
Numa grande proximidade, a Plataforma do governo ruandês - Irembo - é aclamada como um sucesso continental, porque nela os cidadãos podem aceder aos serviços públicos – como apresentar requerimentos e efetuar pagamentos de vários serviços. Alivia os múltiplos desafios que as pessoas podem enfrentar na obtenção de certidões de nascimento ou de casamento; Bilhetes de Identidade nacionais ou mesmo solicitar uma carta de condução. Também descentraliza processos árduos. Contribuiu para mudanças significativas pois as perdas financeiras diminuíram, uma vez que reduziram as lacunas para práticas corruptas e aumentaram as receitas do governo.
Para além das pessoas não conseguirem aceder facilmente à plataforma e do facto do governo ruandês se recusar a revelar quanto recolheu através dos serviços oferecidos pelo Irembo, existe algo maior que adverte a nossa conversa e pensamento neste contexto.
Tal foi desencadeado por conversas com amigos e colegas.
Todos eles concordaram plenamente que as possibilidades que a e-governação, o acesso à informação e à inteligência artificial proporcionam são visionárias, excitantes e têm o potencial de aliviar a vida dos cidadãos nos diferentes países. É, de facto, um caminho que devemos continuar a percorrer. Ao mesmo tempo, também me fizeram pensar nas perguntas que devemos colocar sempre que ouvimos falar do casamento entre as três áreas críticas.
Enquanto membros do sector que adotou estas novas tecnologias ou enquanto membros do público que, de uma forma ou de outra, interagem com os tipos de plataformas que acabei de descrever, há questões críticas que temos de formular em torno dos direitos da proteção de dados.
A transparência e o acesso à informação começam quando a ideia está a ser ponderada. Daí o sistema de e-tribunais – juízes, advogados, clientes devem perguntar:
A conversa gira à volta dos dados – a recolha de dados, o armazenamento de dados, a transmissão de dados e a utilização de dados, e se estes estão em conformidade com as normas de proteção de dados.
Neste caso, tem de recorrer à Tríade CIA - Confidencialidade, Integridade e Disponibilidade.
A confidencialidade da informação é um componente que é sempre mencionado, mas as questões colocadas e a tríade CIA estabelecem exigências concretas que devemos questionar: Estão seguros onde quer que esteja guardados? Quem pode ter acesso aos mesmos? O acesso é um processo seguro?
Em termos de Integridade, temos de nos focar em dados brutos – Podem ser alterados por quem tem a posse dos mesmos?
Os dados permanecem os mesmos quando são recebidos e armazenados ou acedidos? No sistema de e-justiça – durante a captura de dados, a informação pode ser alterada – por exemplo, um culpado pode ser considerado culpado, mas registado como inocente ou vice-versa.
A acessibilidade é fundamental, mas; A informação está sempre acessível – durante as falhas de energia, por exemplo? A informação é acessível – equitativamente e de modo igual? O acesso à justiça – no caso dos e-tribunais – é sempre equitativo?
O acesso e a justiça têm uma estrutura de custos diferente para diferentes comunidades – por outras palavras, existe uma divisão entre aqueles que podem pagar dados e aqueles que vivem com $2 por dia? Isto leva-me para uma certa direção e é aqui que vos deixo com estes pensamentos – nós, o público, temos de insistir nesses direitos, conscientes das questões sobre as quais temos de refletir. Mais importante ainda - faça questão de ler e de compreender a Convenção de Malabo e de averiguar se o seu governo assinou e ratificou a mesma.
Reyhana Masters é uma defensora apaixonada da liberdade de imprensa e da liberdade de expressão. Utiliza a sua base no jornalismo para tecer histórias convincentes de modo a esboçar o contexto africano e a desafiar narrativas regressivas sobre a liberdade de expressão e as questões políticas no continente.
The views expressed and conclusions made in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of fesmedia Africa, the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES), or the Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA).
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Transfer to Third Countries
This service may forward the collected data to a different country. Please note that this service might transfer the data to a country without the required data protection standards. If the data is transferred to the USA, there is a risk that your data can be processed by US authorities, for control and surveillance measures, possibly without legal remedies. Below you can find a list of countries to which the data is being transferred. For more information regarding safeguards please refer to the website provider’s privacy policy or contact the website provider directly.
Worldwide
Click here to read the privacy policy of the data processor
https://policies.google.com/privacy?hl=en
Click here to opt out from this processor across all domains
https://safety.google/privacy/privacy-controls/
Click here to read the cookie policy of the data processor
https://policies.google.com/technologies/cookies?hl=en
Storage Information
Below you can see the longest potential duration for storage on a device, as set when using the cookie method of storage and if there are any other methods used.
This service uses different means of storing information on a user’s device as listed below.
This cookie stores your preferences and other information, in particular preferred language, how many search results you wish to be shown on your page, and whether or not you wish to have Google’s SafeSearch filter turned on.
This cookie measures your bandwidth to determine whether you get the new player interface or the old.
This cookie increments the views counter on the YouTube video.
This is set on pages with embedded YouTube video.
This is a service for displaying video content.
Vimeo LLC
555 West 18th Street, New York, New York 10011, United States of America
United States of America
Privacy(at)vimeo.com
https://vimeo.com/privacy
https://vimeo.com/cookie_policy
This cookie is used in conjunction with a video player. If the visitor is interrupted while viewing video content, the cookie remembers where to start the video when the visitor reloads the video.
An indicator of if the visitor has ever logged in.
Registers a unique ID that is used by Vimeo.
Saves the user's preferences when playing embedded videos from Vimeo.
Set after a user's first upload.
This is an integrated map service.
Gordon House, 4 Barrow St, Dublin 4, Ireland
https://support.google.com/policies/troubleshooter/7575787?hl=en
United States of America,Singapore,Taiwan,Chile
http://www.google.com/intl/de/policies/privacy/